Ancker K, Halldin M, Gothe CJ Nitrous-oxide analgesia during ambulance transportation. Airborne levels of nitrous oxide. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1980; 24:(6)497-500
Bridgwater: Class Professional Publishing; 2013
Ball C, Westhorpe RN Methoxyflurane: then and now. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007; 35:(2)
Baskett PJ The use of entonox in the ambulance service. Proc R Soc Med. 1972; 65:(1)7-8
Baskett PJ, Withnell A Use of Entonox in the ambulance service. BMJ. 1970; 2:(700)41-3
Bendall JC, Simpson PM, Middleton PM Effectiveness of prehospital morphine, fentanyl, and methoxyflurane in pediatric patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011; 15:(2)158-65
Assessment of pain in older adults with dementia—there's an app for that.London: BGS; 2013
Buntine P, Thom O, Babl F, Bailey M, Bernard S Prehospital analgesia in adults using inhaled methoxyflurane. Emerg Med Australas. 2007; 19:(6)509-14
Caradoc-Davies T Opiate toxicity in elderly patients. BMJ. 1981; 283:(6296)
Carney C Prehospital Care—a UK perspective. Brit Med Bull. 1999; 55:(4)757-66
Caton DNew Haven, Conn: Yale University Press; 1999
Chambers JA, Guly HR The need for better pre-hospital analgesia. Arch Emerg Med. 1993; 10:(3)187-92
Chambers JA, Guly HR Prehospital intravenous nalbuphine administered by paramedics. Resuscitation. 1994; 27:(2)153-8
Charlton JESeattle: IASP Press; 2005
Cousins MJ, Lynch ME The Declaration Montreal: access to pain management is a fundamental human right. Pain. 2011; 152:(12)2673-74
Cousins MJ, Mazze RI, Kosek JC, Hitt BA, Love FV The etiology of methoxyflurane nephrotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1974; 190:(3)530-4
Craig KD The social communication model of pain. Can Psychol. 2009; 50:(1)22-32
Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA Sumatriptan (intranasal route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 2
News. Anaesthesia. 1972; 27:(2)242-6
Fleischman RJ, Frazer DG, Daya M, Jui J, Newgard CD Effectiveness and safety of fentanyl compared with morphine for out-of-hospital analgesia. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010; 14:(2)167-75
Gray A, Johnson G, Goodacre S Paramedic use of nalbuphine in major injury. Eur J Emerg Med. 1997; 4:(3)136-9
Group Authority (NHS Ambulance Trusts and Paramedics Employed).London: Home Office; 2008
Houlihan KP, Mitchell RG, Flapan AD, Steedman DJ Excessive morphine requirements after pre-hospital nalbuphine analgesia. J Accid Emerg Med. 1999; 16:(1)29-31
Hyland-McGuire P, Guly HR Effects on patient care of introducing prehospital intravenous nalbuphine hydrochloride. J Accid Emerg Med. 1998; 15:(2)99-101
Jennings PA, Cameron P, Bernard S Ketamine as an analgesic in the pre-hospital setting: a systematic review. Acta Anaesth Scand. 2011; 55:(6)638-43
Jennings PA, Cameron P, Bernard S Morphine and ketamine is superior to morphine alone for out-of-hospital trauma analgesia: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2012; 59:(6)497-503
Urgent notice Re: Withdrawal of nalbuphine (Nubain).London: JRCALC; 2004
Kober A, Scheck T, Greher M Prehospital analgesia with acupressure in victims of minor trauma: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. Anesth Analg. 2002; 95:(3)723-7
Komesaroff D Pre-hospital pain relief: Penthrane or Entonox?. Aust J Emergency Care. 1995; 2:(2)28-9
Lang T, Hager H, Funovits V Prehospital analgesia with acupressure at the Baihui and Hegu points in patients with radial fractures: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2007; 25:(8)887-93
Macintyre PE, Schug SA, Scott DA, Visser EJ, Walker SM Acute pain management: scientific evidence.Melbourne: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine; 2010
London: The Stationery Office;
Melzack R, Wall PD Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965; 150:(3699)971-9
Middleton PM, Simpson PM, Sinclair G, Dobbins TA, Math B, Bendall JC Effectiveness of morphine, fentanyl, and methoxyflurane in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010; 14:(4)439-47
London: The Stationery Office;
London: The Stationery Office;
Use of nitrous oxide:oxygen mixtures in prehospital emergency care. National Association of Emergency Medical Services Physicians. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1990; 5:(3)273-4
Nicholls T, Hawkes-Frost LBridgwater: Class Professional Publishing; 2012
Workplace exposure standards for airborne contaminants: Nitrous oxide.Canberra: Safe Work Australia; 2013
Simpson PM, Fouche PF, Thomas RE, Bendall JC Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for relieving acute pain in the prehospital setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Eur J Emerg Med. 2013; 21:(1)10-17
Stewart RD, Paris PM, Stoy WA, Cannon GB Patient-controlled inhalational analgesia in prehospital care: A study of side-effects and feasibility. Crit Care Med. 1983; 11:(11)851-5
Turner J, Coster J, Wilson R, Phung V, Siriwardena AN What outcome measures should be developed for pre-hospital care?: results of a consensus event. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013; 28
Waters EM, Gerstner HB, Huff JE Trichloroethylene: an overview. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1977; 2:(3)671-707
Woollard M, Jones T, Pitt K, Vetter N Hitting them where it hurts? Low dose nalbuphine therapy. Emerg Med J. 2002; 19:(6)565-70
Wright CJ, McDowall DG, Wilson J, Hain WR, Furness R, Daykin JH Pre-mixed nitrous oxide-oxygen analgesia in the ambulance service. Anaesthesia. 1972; 27:(4)459-60
