Bowel and bladder

The need for paramedics to be able to identify cauda equina syndrome

The spinal cord descends from the base of the medulla oblongata in the vertebral space, terminating approximately two thirds of the way down the vertebral column at the level of the second lumbar...

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The Journal of Paramedic Practice supports paramedics by sharing expertise and advice to help you build confidence, grow professionally and improve care.

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