Abou-Chebl A, Sung G, Barbut D Local Brain Temperature Reduction via Intranasal Cooling With the Rhino Chill Device: Preliminary Safety Data in Brain Injured Patients. Stroke. 2011; 42:(8)2164-9
Auer RN Non-pharmacologic (physiologic) neuroprotection in the treatment of brain ischemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001; 939:271-82
Baker AJ, Zornow MH, Grafe MR Hypothermia prevents ischemia-induced increases in hippocampal glycine concentrations in rabbits. Stroke. 1991; 22:(5)666-73
Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:(8)557-63
Bernard SA, Smith K, Cameron P Induction of therapeutic hypothermia by paramedics after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation. 2010; 122:(7)737-42
Bernard SA, Smith K, Cameron P Induction of pre-hospital therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation from nonventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40:(3)747-53
Busto R, Dietrich WD, Globus MYT Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1987; 7:(6)729-38
Busto R, Globus MY, Dietrich WD Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke. 1989; 20:(7)904-10
Castrén M, Nordberg P, Svensson L Intra-arrest transnasal evaporative cooling: a randomized, prehospital, multicenter study (PRINCE: Pre-ROSC IntraNasal Cooling Effectiveness). Circulation. 2010; 122:(7)729-36
Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Marion DW Mild posttraumatic hypothermia reduces mortality after severe controlled cortical impact in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996; 16:(2)253-61
Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:(8)556-63
Clifton GL, Jiang JY, Lyeth BG Marked protection by moderate hypothermia after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991; 11:(1)114-21
Colbourne F, Corbett D Delayed post ischemic hypothermia: a six month survival study using behavioural and histological assessments of neuroprotection. J Neurosci. 1995; 15:(11)7250-60
Globus MY, Alonso O, Dietrich WD Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: effects of posttraumatic hypothermia. J Neurochem. 1995; 65:(4)1704-11
Hall ED, Braughler JM Free radicals in CNS injury. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1993; 71:81-105
Hutchinson JS, Ward RE, Lacroix J Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358:(23)2447-56
Jiang JY, Lyeth BG, Kapasi MZ Moderate hypothermia reduces blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 1992; 84:(5)495-500
Jiang J, Yu M, Zhu C Effect of long-term mild hypothermia therapy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: 1-year follow-up review of 87 cases. J Neurosurg. 2000; 93:(4)546-49
London: Ambulance Service Association; 2006
Lawrence EJ, Dentcheva E, Curtis KM Neuroprotection with delayed initiation of prolonged hypothermia after in vitro transient global brain ischemia. Resuscitation. 2005; 64:(3)383-8
Leker RR, Shohami E Cerebral ischemia and trauma-different etiologies yet similar mechanisms: neuroprotective opportunities. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2002; 39:(1)55-73
Liu WG, Qiu WS, Zhang Y Effects of selective brain cooling in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. J Int Med Res. 2006; 34:(1)58-64
Lyeth BG, Jiang JY, Robinson SE Hypothermia blunts acetylcholine increase in CSF of traumatically brain injured rats. Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1993; 18:(3)247-56
Lyon RM Therapeutic hypothermia for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest—an update for prehospital personnel. Ambulance Today. 2012; 1-4
Markgraf CG, Clifton GL, Moody MR Treatment window for hypothermia in brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2001; 95:(6)979-83
Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury with Moderate Hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:(8)540-6
Moore EM, Nichol AD, Bernard SA Therapeutic hypothermia: Benefits, mechanisms and potential clinical applications in neurological, cardiac and kidney injury. Injury. 2011; 42:(9)843-54
London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2011
Nichol AD, Cooper DJ Can we improve neurological outcomes in severe traumatic brain injury? Something old (early prophylactic hypothermia) and something new (erythropoietin). Injury. 2009; 40:(5)471-8
Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. An advisory statement by the Advancement Life support Task Force of the International Liaison committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2003; 57:(3)231-5
Nolan JP, Neumar RW, Adrie C Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A Scientific Statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation; the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anaesthesia; the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Council on Stroke. Resuscitation. 2008; 79:(3)350-79
Deaths registered in 2009 DR_09. Review of the National Statistics on deaths in England and Wales, 2009 Series. 2009;
http//tinyurl.com/cadrtqo
Polderman KH Induced hypothermia and fever control for prevention and treatment of neurological injuries. Lancet. 2008; 371:(9628)1955-69
Polderman KH Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37:(7 Suppl)S186-202
Polderman KH, Herold I Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods. Crit Care Med. 2009; 37:(3)1101-20
Polderman KH, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 2001; 94:(5)697-705
Polderman KH, AR Girbes AR The importance of magnesium in critically ill patients: a role in mitigating neurological injury and in the prevention of vasospasms. Intensive Care Med. 2003; 29:(7)1202-3
Qiu WS, Liu WG, Shen H Therapeutic effect of mild hypothermia on severe traumatic head injury. Chin J Traumatol. 2005; 8:(1)27-32
Roelfsema V, Bennet L, George S Window of opportunity of cerebral hypothermia for postischemic white matter injury in the near-term fetal sheep. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004; 24:(8)877-86
Rutland-Brown W, Langlois JA, Thomas KE Incidence of traumatic brain injury in the United States, 2003. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006; 21:(6)544-8
Safar P, Tisherman SA, Behringer W Suspended animation for delayed resuscitation from prolonged cardiac arrest that is unresuscitable by standard cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28:(l11)N214-8
Small DL, Morley P, Buchan AM Biology of ischemic cerebral cell death. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1999; 42:(3)185-207
Siesjo B, Bengtsson F, Grampp W, Theander S Calcium, excitotoxins, and neuronal death in the brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989; 568:234-51
Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:(8)549-556
Wenner Mb “Cold Relief.”. Popular Science. 2009; 274:(2)54-9
Weisinger JR, Bellorin-Font E Magnesium and phosphorus. Lancet. 1998; 352:(9125)391-6
Xu L, Yenari MA, Steinberg GK Mild hypothermia reduces apoptosis of mouse neurons in vitro early in the cascade. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002; 22:(1)21-8
Zhi D, Zhang S, Lin X Study on therapeutic mechanism and clinical effect of mild hypothermia in patients with severe head injury. Surg Neurol. 2003; 59:(5)381-5