References

Anthonisen NR. Retrospective studies. Can Respir J. 2009; 16:(4)117-118 https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/704292

Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee (JRCALC) clinical guidelines 2019.Bridgwater: Class Professional Publishing; 2019

Aveyard H, Sharp P, Woolliams M. A beginner's guide to critical thinking and writing in health and social care, 2nd edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2015

Bellomo R, Bailey M, Eastwood GM Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care. 2011; 15:(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/cc10090

Christ M, von Auenmueller KI, Brand M, Sasko BM, Trappe H-J. Hyperoxia early after hospital admission in comatose patients with non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Med Sci Monitor. 2016; 22:3296-3300

Eastwood GM, Tanaka A, Espinoza ED Conservative oxygen therapy in mechanically ventilated patients following cardiac arrest: a retrospective nested cohort study. Resuscitation. 2016; 101:108-114 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.11.026

EBSCO Health. CINAHL database. 2022a. https//health.ebsco.com/products/the-cinahl-database (accessed 23 August 2022)

EBSCO Help. Searching with boolean operators. 2022b. https//help.ebsco.com/interfaces/EBSCO_Guides/EBSCO_Interfaces_User_Guide/Searching_with_Boolean_Operators (accessed 23 August 2022)

Elmer J, Scutella M, Pullalarevu R The association between hyperoxia and patient outcomes after cardiac arrest: analysis of a high-resolution database. Intensive Care Med. 2015; 41:(1)49-57 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-014-3555-6

Euser AM, Zoccali C, Jager KJ, Dekker FW. Cohort studies: prospective versus retrospective. Nephron Clin Pract. 2009; 113:(3)c214-c217 https://doi.org/10.1159/000235241

Humaloja J, Litonius E, Efendijev I Early hyperoxemia is not associated with cardiac arrest outcome. Resuscitation. 2019; 140:185-193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.04.035

Janz DR, Hollenbeck RD, Pollock JS, McPherson JA, Rice TW. Hyperoxia is associated with increased mortality in patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia after sudden cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40:(12)3135-3139 https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182656976

Jousi M, Reitala J, Lund V, Katila A, Leppäniemi A. The role of pre-hospital blood gas analysis in trauma resuscitation. World J Emerg Surg. 2010; 5 https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-7922-5-10

Kuisma M, Boyd J, Voipio V, Alaspää A, Roine RO, Rosenberg P. Comparison of 30 and the 100% inspired oxygen concentrations during early post-resuscitation period: a randomised controlled pilot study. Resuscitation. 2006; 69:(2)199-206 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.08.010

Levin KA. Study design VII. Randomised controlled trials. Evid Based Dent. 2007; 8:(1)22-23 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6400473

LoBiondo-Wood G, Haber J. Nursing research: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice, 5th edn. St Louis (MO): Mosby Elsevier; 2002

Matsumura Y, Nakada TA, Abe R, Oshima T, Oda S. Serum procalcitonin level and SOFA score at discharge from the intensive care unit predict post-intensive care unit mortality: a prospective study. PLoS One. 2014; 9:(12) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114007

Mauri R, Burkart R, Benvenuti C Better management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest increases survival rate and improves neurological outcome in the Swiss Canton Ticino. Europace. 2016; 18:(3)398-404 https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euv218

, 10th edn. St Louis (MO): Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest. Interventional procedures guidance [IPG386]. 2011. https//www.nice.org.uk/ipg386 (accessed 23 August 2022)

National Library of Medicine. FAQ: PubMed. 2022. https//www.nlm.nih.gov/services/pubmed.html (accessed 21 September 2022)

Nelskylä A, Parr MJ, Skrifvars MB. Prevalence and factors correlating with hyperoxia exposure following cardiac arrest—an observational single centre study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2013; 21 https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-21-35

Nolan JP, Soar J, Cariou A European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Guidelines for Post-resuscitation Care 2015: section 5 of the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Resuscitation. 2015; 95:202-222 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.018

Post-resuscitation care guidelines. 2021. http//www.resus.org.uk/library/2021-resuscitation-guidelines/post-resuscitation-care-guidelines (accessed 23 August 2022)

Oh YT, Kim YH, Sohn YD Early hyperoxemia may not increase mortality after cardiac arrest: a pilot study. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2014; 1:(1)28-34 https://doi.org/10.15441/ceem.14.017

Orbegozo Cortés D, Puflea F, Donadello K Normobaric hyperoxia alters the microcirculation in healthy volunteers. Microvasc Res. 2015; 98:23-28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2014.11.006

Perkins G, Handley A, Koster RW Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation section collaborators. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation. 2015; 95:81-99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.015

PubMed. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2022. https//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (accessed 20 September 2022)

Resuscitation Council UK. FAQs: Basic Life Support (CPR). 2022. https//www.resus.org.uk/home/faqs/faqs-basic-life-support-cpr (accessed 20 September 2022)

Rizzo AM, Berselli P, Zava S Endogenous antioxidants and radical scavengers. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010; 698:52-67 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_5

Roberts P, Priest H, Traynor M. Reliability and validity in research. Nurs Stand. 2006; 20:(44)41-45 https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.20.44.41.c6560

Schmutz T, Guechi Y, Denereaz S Paramedics in Switzerland: a mature profession. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19:(14) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148429

Sibbald B, Roland M. Understanding controlled trials. Why are randomised controlled trials important?. BMJ. 1998; 17:316:(7126) https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7126.201

Spindelboeck W, Schindler O, Moser A Increasing arterial oxygen partial pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with improved rates of hospital admission. Resuscitation. 2013; 84:(6)770-775 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.01.012

Stub D, Bernard S, Duffy SJ, Kaye DM. Post cardiac arrest syndrome: a review of therapeutic strategies. Circulation. 2011; 123:(13)1428-1435 https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.988725

Wang CH, Chang WT, Huang CH The effect of hyperoxia on survival following adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Resuscitation. 2014; 85:(9)1142-1148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.05.021

Wang HE, Prince DK, Drennan IR Post-resuscitation arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide and outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2017; 120:113-118 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.08.244

Yan S, Gan Y, Jiang N The global survival rate among adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020; 24:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2773-2

Yeh ST, Aune SE, Wilgus TA, Parent AE, Angelos MG. Hyperoxemic reperfusion after prolonged cardiac arrest in a rat cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation model. Resuscitation. 2012; 84:(1)114-120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.08.323

Young P, Bailey M, Bellomo R HyperOxic Therapy OR NormOxic Therapy after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (HOT OR NOT): a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Resuscitation. 2014; 85:(12)1686-1691 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.011

Attempting to prevent hyperoxaemia after out-of-hospital resuscitation

02 October 2022
Volume 14 · Issue 10

Abstract

Survival to discharge in the UK after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is significantly lower than in other similarly developed countries (7.3% in the UK compared with the rest of Europe at 11.7%). One modifiable factor that could be contributing to this is the oxygen administered by paramedics after a successful out-of-hospital resuscitation. Randomised controlled trials on the topic are limited, and most research is observational and often does not differentiate according to the location of the cardiac arrest, leading to conflicting results. Overall, hyperoxaemia may be beneficial for the patient after a successful resuscitation until a critical level is reached; in the prehospital setting, it is not always possible to measure PaO2 as this is outside of the scope of practice of a paramedic in the UK. Above a critical level, excess oxygen becomes damaging and worsens patient outcomes. After a successful resuscitation, where possible, paramedics should consider titrating a patient's oxygenation to a peripheral oxygen saturation of 94–98% unless a more accurate measurement, such as point-of-care arterial blood gas results are available to guide titration.

Survival to discharge for an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in England is 7.3% (NHS England, 2022) in comparison with the rest of Europe which is 11.7% (Yan et al, 2020), according to the most recent data available at the time of writing.

Some of this could be attributed to different structures in the emergency services, but there are European countries, such as Switzerland, where the structure is similar to that in the UK ambulance service (Schmutz et al, 2022). There is clearly scope to improve the survival rate after an OHCA in England.

While many aspects of a resuscitation are crucial in the chain of survival (Perkins et al, 2015), such as early chest compressions and early access to a defibrillator (Perkins et al, 2015), post-resuscitation care is more novel, having been introduced by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) in 2010 (Nolan et al, 2015).

Subscribe to get full access to the Journal of Paramedic Practice

Thank you for visiting the Journal of Paramedic Practice and reading our archive of expert clinical content. If you would like to read more from the only journal dedicated to those working in emergency care, you can start your subscription today for just £48.

What's included

  • CPD Focus

  • Develop your career

  • Stay informed